Which Of The Following Are Not Components Of Animal Cells?
Chapter three: Introduction to Cell Construction and Function
3.iii Eukaryotic Cells
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
- Describe the structure of eukaryotic establish and animal cells
- State the role of the plasma membrane
- Summarize the functions of the major jail cell organelles
- Describe the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
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At this point, it should be clear that eukaryotic cells have a more complex structure than do prokaryotic cells. Organelles allow for diverse functions to occur in the cell at the same fourth dimension. Before discussing the functions of organelles within a eukaryotic cell, permit us first examine two important components of the cell: the plasma membrane and the cytoplasm.
What structures does a found cell accept that an animal prison cell does not have? What structures does an animal cell have that a found cell does not have? Plant cells accept plasmodesmata, a cell wall, a large primal vacuole, chloroplasts, and plastids. Beast cells have lysosomes and centrosomes.
The Plasma Membrane
Similar prokaryotes, eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane (Effigy 3.nine) made upwards of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that separates the internal contents of the prison cell from its surrounding surround. A phospholipid is a lipid molecule composed of 2 fatty acid chains, a glycerol courage, and a phosphate grouping. The plasma membrane regulates the passage of some substances, such as organic molecules, ions, and water, preventing the passage of some to maintain internal weather condition, while actively bringing in or removing others. Other compounds move passively across the membrane.
The plasma membranes of cells that specialize in absorption are folded into fingerlike projections chosen microvilli (atypical = microvillus). This folding increases the surface area of the plasma membrane. Such cells are typically found lining the small intestine, the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested nutrient. This is an excellent example of form matching the function of a construction.
People with celiac disease have an immune response to gluten, which is a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. The allowed response damages microvilli, and thus, afflicted individuals cannot absorb nutrients. This leads to malnutrition, cramping, and diarrhea. Patients suffering from celiac illness must follow a gluten-gratis nutrition.
The Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm comprises the contents of a cell betwixt the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope (a structure to exist discussed shortly). It is made upwardly of organelles suspended in the gel-like cytosol, the cytoskeleton, and diverse chemicals. Even though the cytoplasm consists of 70 to eighty percent water, it has a semi-solid consistency, which comes from the proteins within it. However, proteins are not the but organic molecules found in the cytoplasm. Glucose and other simple sugars, polysaccharides, amino acids, nucleic acids, fatty acids, and derivatives of glycerol are found there too. Ions of sodium, potassium, calcium, and many other elements are also dissolved in the cytoplasm. Many metabolic reactions, including protein synthesis, take place in the cytoplasm.
The Cytoskeleton
If you were to remove all the organelles from a prison cell, would the plasma membrane and the cytoplasm be the merely components left? No. Within the cytoplasm, there would still be ions and organic molecules, plus a network of protein fibers that helps to maintain the shape of the cell, secures certain organelles in specific positions, allows cytoplasm and vesicles to move inside the cell, and enables unicellular organisms to move independently. Collectively, this network of protein fibers is known every bit the cytoskeleton. There are three types of fibers within the cytoskeleton: microfilaments, too known as actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules (Effigy three.ten).
Microfilaments are the thinnest of the cytoskeletal fibers and function in moving cellular components, for example, during cell division. They as well maintain the structure of microvilli, the all-encompassing folding of the plasma membrane found in cells dedicated to absorption. These components are likewise common in musculus cells and are responsible for muscle cell contraction. Intermediate filaments are of intermediate diameter and have structural functions, such as maintaining the shape of the cell and anchoring organelles. Keratin, the compound that strengthens pilus and nails, forms i type of intermediate filament. Microtubules are the thickest of the cytoskeletal fibers. These are hollow tubes that can deliquesce and reform speedily. Microtubules guide organelle movement and are the structures that pull chromosomes to their poles during cell partitioning. They are also the structural components of flagella and cilia. In cilia and flagella, the microtubules are organized as a circle of nine double microtubules on the outside and 2 microtubules in the center.
The centrosome is a region near the nucleus of animal cells that functions every bit a microtubule-organizing center. It contains a pair of centrioles, two structures that lie perpendicular to each other. Each centriole is a cylinder of ix triplets of microtubules.
The centrosome replicates itself before a cell divides, and the centrioles play a role in pulling the duplicated chromosomes to opposite ends of the dividing cell. All the same, the verbal part of the centrioles in cell partitioning is not articulate, since cells that have the centrioles removed can yet divide, and establish cells, which lack centrioles, are capable of prison cell partition.
Flagella and Cilia
Flagella (singular = flagellum) are long, hair-like structures that extend from the plasma membrane and are used to movement an entire cell, (for example, sperm, Euglena). When present, the jail cell has but 1 flagellum or a few flagella. When cilia (singular = cilium) are present, however, they are many in number and extend forth the entire surface of the plasma membrane. They are curt, hair-like structures that are used to move entire cells (such as paramecium) or move substances along the outer surface of the cell (for example, the cilia of cells lining the fallopian tubes that move the ovum toward the uterus, or cilia lining the cells of the respiratory tract that move particulate matter toward the throat that fungus has trapped).
The Endomembrane System
The endomembrane organization (endo = within) is a group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins. It includes the nuclear envelope, lysosomes, vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus, which we will cover shortly. Although not technically within the cell, the plasma membrane is included in the endomembrane system because, equally you will see, it interacts with the other endomembranous organelles.
The Nucleus
Typically, the nucleus is the nearly prominent organelle in a prison cell. The nucleus (plural = nuclei) houses the jail cell'south DNA in the grade of chromatin and directs the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins. Let us expect at information technology in more than detail (Effigy 3.eleven).
The nuclear envelope is a double-membrane structure that constitutes the outermost portion of the nucleus (Figure 3.11). Both the inner and outer membranes of the nuclear envelope are phospholipid bilayers.
The nuclear envelope is punctuated with pores that control the passage of ions, molecules, and RNA between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm.
To empathize chromatin, it is helpful to outset consider chromosomes. Chromosomes are structures inside the nucleus that are fabricated up of DNA, the hereditary textile, and proteins. This combination of DNA and proteins is called chromatin. In eukaryotes, chromosomes are linear structures. Every species has a specific number of chromosomes in the nucleus of its torso cells. For example, in humans, the chromosome number is 46, whereas in fruit flies, the chromosome number is eight.
Chromosomes are simply visible and distinguishable from one another when the cell is getting ready to carve up. When the cell is in the growth and maintenance phases of its life cycle, the chromosomes resemble an unwound, jumbled bunch of threads.
We already know that the nucleus directs the synthesis of ribosomes, but how does it practise this? Some chromosomes have sections of DNA that encode ribosomal RNA. A darkly stained area within the nucleus, called the nucleolus (plural = nucleoli), aggregates the ribosomal RNA with associated proteins to assemble the ribosomal subunits that are so transported through the nuclear pores into the cytoplasm.
The Endoplasmic Reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a series of interconnected bleary tubules that collectively modify proteins and synthesize lipids. However, these 2 functions are performed in separate areas of the endoplasmic reticulum: the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, respectively.
The hollow portion of the ER tubules is chosen the lumen or cisternal space. The membrane of the ER, which is a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins, is continuous with the nuclear envelope.
The crude endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is so named because the ribosomes attached to its cytoplasmic surface give it a studded advent when viewed through an electron microscope.
The ribosomes synthesize proteins while fastened to the ER, resulting in the transfer of their newly synthesized proteins into the lumen of the RER where they undergo modifications such equally folding or addition of sugars. The RER also makes phospholipids for jail cell membranes.
If the phospholipids or modified proteins are not destined to stay in the RER, they volition be packaged within vesicles and transported from the RER by budding from the membrane. Since the RER is engaged in modifying proteins that will be secreted from the jail cell, it is abundant in cells that secrete proteins, such as the liver.
The shine endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is continuous with the RER but has few or no ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface. The SER's functions include synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids (including phospholipids), and steroid hormones; detoxification of medications and poisons; alcohol metabolism; and storage of calcium ions.
The Golgi Apparatus
We have already mentioned that vesicles tin can bud from the ER, but where exercise the vesicles get? Before reaching their last destination, the lipids or proteins within the ship vesicles need to be sorted, packaged, and tagged and so that they wind up in the right place. The sorting, tagging, packaging, and distribution of lipids and proteins accept place in the Golgi appliance (also chosen the Golgi torso), a series of flattened membranous sacs.
The Golgi apparatus has a receiving face about the endoplasmic reticulum and a releasing face on the side away from the ER, toward the cell membrane. The send vesicles that form from the ER travel to the receiving face up, fuse with it, and empty their contents into the lumen of the Golgi appliance. As the proteins and lipids travel through the Golgi, they undergo further modifications. The most frequent modification is the addition of short chains of saccharide molecules. The newly modified proteins and lipids are and so tagged with small molecular groups to enable them to be routed to their proper destinations.
Finally, the modified and tagged proteins are packaged into vesicles that bud from the opposite face up of the Golgi. While some of these vesicles, send vesicles, deposit their contents into other parts of the cell where they volition be used, others, secretory vesicles, fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents outside the cell.
The amount of Golgi in different cell types once more illustrates that form follows function within cells. Cells that engage in a neat deal of secretory activity (such equally cells of the salivary glands that secrete digestive enzymes or cells of the immune organisation that secrete antibodies) have an abundant number of Golgi.
In constitute cells, the Golgi has an boosted part of synthesizing polysaccharides, some of which are incorporated into the cell wall and some of which are used in other parts of the cell.
Lysosomes
In animal cells, the lysosomes are the cell'southward "garbage disposal." Digestive enzymes within the lysosomes assistance the breakdown of proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and even worn-out organelles. In single-celled eukaryotes, lysosomes are important for digestion of the food they ingest and the recycling of organelles. These enzymes are active at a much lower pH (more acidic) than those located in the cytoplasm. Many reactions that take place in the cytoplasm could non occur at a low pH, thus the advantage of compartmentalizing the eukaryotic cell into organelles is apparent.
Lysosomes also use their hydrolytic enzymes to destroy disease-causing organisms that might enter the jail cell. A expert example of this occurs in a group of white blood cells called macrophages, which are office of your trunk'south allowed system. In a procedure known as phagocytosis, a section of the plasma membrane of the macrophage invaginates (folds in) and engulfs a pathogen. The invaginated section, with the pathogen inside, then pinches itself off from the plasma membrane and becomes a vesicle. The vesicle fuses with a lysosome. The lysosome's hydrolytic enzymes then destroy the pathogen (Effigy iii.15).
Vesicles and Vacuoles
Vesicles and vacuoles are membrane-bound sacs that function in storage and transport. Vacuoles are somewhat larger than vesicles, and the membrane of a vacuole does non fuse with the membranes of other cellular components. Vesicles can fuse with other membranes within the cell system. Additionally, enzymes within establish vacuoles can break downwards macromolecules.
Why does the cis confront of the Golgi not confront the plasma membrane?
<!– Because that confront receives chemicals from the ER, which is toward the center of the cell. –>
Ribosomes
Ribosomes are the cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis. When viewed through an electron microscope, gratis ribosomes announced as either clusters or unmarried tiny dots floating freely in the cytoplasm. Ribosomes may exist attached to either the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane or the cytoplasmic side of the endoplasmic reticulum. Electron microscopy has shown that ribosomes consist of big and small-scale subunits. Ribosomes are enzyme complexes that are responsible for protein synthesis.
Because protein synthesis is essential for all cells, ribosomes are found in practically every jail cell, although they are smaller in prokaryotic cells. They are particularly abundant in young crimson blood cells for the synthesis of hemoglobin, which functions in the ship of oxygen throughout the body.
Mitochondria
Mitochondria (singular = mitochondrion) are often called the "powerhouses" or "energy factories" of a cell considering they are responsible for making adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cell'due south master energy-carrying molecule. The formation of ATP from the breakdown of glucose is known as cellular respiration. Mitochondria are oval-shaped, double-membrane organelles (Effigy 3.17) that have their own ribosomes and DNA. Each membrane is a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins. The inner layer has folds called cristae, which increase the surface area of the inner membrane. The area surrounded past the folds is called the mitochondrial matrix. The cristae and the matrix accept dissimilar roles in cellular respiration.
In keeping with our theme of form following role, it is important to signal out that muscle cells take a very loftier concentration of mitochondria considering musculus cells demand a lot of energy to contract.
Peroxisomes
Peroxisomes are modest, round organelles enclosed by single membranes. They bear out oxidation reactions that intermission down fatty acids and amino acids. They also detoxify many poisons that may enter the body. Alcohol is detoxified by peroxisomes in liver cells. A byproduct of these oxidation reactions is hydrogen peroxide, HtwoO2, which is contained inside the peroxisomes to prevent the chemical from causing impairment to cellular components outside of the organelle. Hydrogen peroxide is safely cleaved down past peroxisomal enzymes into water and oxygen.
Animal Cells versus Establish Cells
Despite their fundamental similarities, at that place are some hit differences betwixt animate being and found cells (see Table 3.1). Animal cells have centrioles, centrosomes (discussed under the cytoskeleton), and lysosomes, whereas establish cells practise not. Found cells take a prison cell wall, chloroplasts, plasmodesmata, and plastids used for storage, and a large central vacuole, whereas animal cells practice not.
The Cell Wall
In Figure iii.8b, the diagram of a establish jail cell, you see a construction external to the plasma membrane called the cell wall. The cell wall is a rigid covering that protects the cell, provides structural support, and gives shape to the cell. Fungal and protist cells as well take jail cell walls.
While the master component of prokaryotic prison cell walls is peptidoglycan, the major organic molecule in the plant jail cell wall is cellulose, a polysaccharide made upward of long, directly chains of glucose units. When nutritional data refers to dietary fiber, information technology is referring to the cellulose content of food.
Chloroplasts
Like mitochondria, chloroplasts as well have their ain DNA and ribosomes. Chloroplasts function in photosynthesis and tin can be constitute in eukaryotic cells such as plants and algae. In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide, water, and light energy are used to make glucose and oxygen. This is the major difference between plants and animals: Plants (autotrophs) are able to make their ain food, like glucose, whereas animals (heterotrophs) must rely on other organisms for their organic compounds or food source.
Like mitochondria, chloroplasts take outer and inner membranes, but within the space enclosed by a chloroplast's inner membrane is a set of interconnected and stacked, fluid-filled membrane sacs called thylakoids (Figure three.18). Each stack of thylakoids is chosen a granum (plural = grana). The fluid enclosed by the inner membrane and surrounding the grana is chosen the stroma.
The chloroplasts contain a greenish pigment called chlorophyll, which captures the energy of sunlight for photosynthesis. Similar establish cells, photosynthetic protists too accept chloroplasts. Some leaner too perform photosynthesis, but they do non accept chloroplasts. Their photosynthetic pigments are located in the thylakoid membrane within the cell itself.
Development in Activity
Endosymbiosis: We have mentioned that both mitochondria and chloroplasts contain DNA and ribosomes. Have yous wondered why? Strong evidence points to endosymbiosis every bit the explanation.
Symbiosis is a relationship in which organisms from two separate species live in close association and typically exhibit specific adaptations to each other. Endosymbiosis (endo-= within) is a relationship in which one organism lives inside the other. Endosymbiotic relationships grow in nature. Microbes that produce vitamin 1000 live inside the man gut. This relationship is beneficial for united states of america because we are unable to synthesize vitamin K. Information technology is also beneficial for the microbes considering they are protected from other organisms and are provided a stable habitat and abundant food by living within the large intestine.
Scientists have long noticed that bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts are similar in size. Nosotros also know that mitochondria and chloroplasts take Dna and ribosomes, just as bacteria do and they resemble the types found in leaner. Scientists believe that host cells and bacteria formed a mutually beneficial endosymbiotic relationship when the host cells ingested aerobic bacteria and cyanobacteria but did not destroy them. Through evolution, these ingested bacteria became more than specialized in their functions, with the aerobic bacteria becoming mitochondria and the photosynthetic leaner becoming chloroplasts.
The Fundamental Vacuole
Previously, we mentioned vacuoles as essential components of plant cells. If yous await at Figure 3.8b, you will come across that constitute cells each have a large, cardinal vacuole that occupies almost of the cell. The cardinal vacuole plays a key role in regulating the jail cell's concentration of water in changing environmental conditions. In plant cells, the liquid inside the primal vacuole provides turgor pressure, which is the outward force per unit area caused by the fluid inside the jail cell. Have you ever noticed that if you lot forget to water a plant for a few days, it wilts? That is considering as the water concentration in the soil becomes lower than the h2o concentration in the plant, water moves out of the central vacuoles and cytoplasm and into the soil. Equally the primal vacuole shrinks, it leaves the cell wall unsupported. This loss of support to the cell walls of a plant results in the wilted advent. Additionally, this fluid has a very bitter taste, which discourages consumption by insects and animals. The central vacuole also functions to store proteins in developing seed cells.
Extracellular Matrix of Fauna Cells
Nigh animal cells release materials into the extracellular space. The chief components of these materials are glycoproteins and the protein collagen. Collectively, these materials are called the extracellular matrix (Figure iii.19). Not but does the extracellular matrix hold the cells together to grade a tissue, merely it also allows the cells within the tissue to communicate with each other.
Blood clotting provides an instance of the office of the extracellular matrix in cell advice. When the cells lining a blood vessel are damaged, they display a poly peptide receptor called tissue factor. When tissue factor binds with another factor in the extracellular matrix, it causes platelets to adhere to the wall of the damaged blood vessel, stimulates adjacent smooth muscle cells in the blood vessel to contract (thus constricting the blood vessel), and initiates a series of steps that stimulate the platelets to produce clotting factors.
Intercellular Junctions
Cells can also communicate with each other by straight contact, referred to as intercellular junctions. There are some differences in the ways that constitute and fauna cells do this. Plasmodesmata (atypical = plasmodesma) are junctions betwixt establish cells, whereas animal cell contacts include tight and gap junctions, and desmosomes.
In full general, long stretches of the plasma membranes of neighboring constitute cells cannot touch one another considering they are separated by the cell walls surrounding each cell. Plasmodesmata are numerous channels that laissez passer between the jail cell walls of adjacent institute cells, connecting their cytoplasm and enabling signal molecules and nutrients to exist transported from cell to prison cell (Effigy three.twentya).
A tight junction is a watertight seal between two adjacent animal cells (Figure three.20b). Proteins agree the cells tightly against each other. This tight adhesion prevents materials from leaking between the cells. Tight junctions are typically plant in the epithelial tissue that lines internal organs and cavities, and composes nearly of the skin. For example, the tight junctions of the epithelial cells lining the urinary float foreclose urine from leaking into the extracellular space.
Also plant only in animate being cells are desmosomes, which act like spot welds between side by side epithelial cells (Figure 3.20c). They keep cells together in a sheet-similar formation in organs and tissues that stretch, similar the skin, centre, and muscles.
Gap junctions in animal cells are like plasmodesmata in constitute cells in that they are channels between adjacent cells that allow for the ship of ions, nutrients, and other substances that enable cells to communicate (Figure 3.20d). Structurally, however, gap junctions and plasmodesmata differ.
Cell Component | Office | Present in Prokaryotes? | Present in Animal Cells? | Present in Plant Cells? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plasma membrane | Separates jail cell from external environment; controls passage of organic molecules, ions, water, oxygen, and wastes into and out of the prison cell | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Cytoplasm | Provides structure to cell; site of many metabolic reactions; medium in which organelles are found | Aye | Yep | Aye |
| Nucleoid | Location of DNA | Yes | No | No |
| Nucleus | Cell organelle that houses DNA and directs synthesis of ribosomes and proteins | No | Yes | Yeah |
| Ribosomes | Poly peptide synthesis | Yes | Yeah | Yes |
| Mitochondria | ATP product/cellular respiration | No | Yep | Yep |
| Peroxisomes | Oxidizes and breaks down fatty acids and amino acids, and detoxifies poisons | No | Yes | Yes |
| Vesicles and vacuoles | Storage and transport; digestive part in plant cells | No | Yes | Yep |
| Centrosome | Unspecified part in cell division in animal cells; organizing middle of microtubules in animal cells | No | Yes | No |
| Lysosomes | Digestion of macromolecules; recycling of worn-out organelles | No | Yes | No |
| Jail cell wall | Protection, structural back up and maintenance of cell shape | Yep, primarily peptidoglycan in bacteria but not Archaea | No | Yes, primarily cellulose |
| Chloroplasts | Photosynthesis | No | No | Yep |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | Modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids | No | Yes | Yep |
| Golgi apparatus | Modifies, sorts, tags, packages, and distributes lipids and proteins | No | Yeah | Yep |
| Cytoskeleton | Maintains cell's shape, secures organelles in specific positions, allows cytoplasm and vesicles to move within the cell, and enables unicellular organisms to movement independently | Yes | Yes | Yeah |
| Flagella | Cellular locomotion | Some | Some | No, except for some plant sperm. |
| Cilia | Cellular locomotion, movement of particles along extracellular surface of plasma membrane, and filtration | No | Some | No |
Department Summary
Like a prokaryotic cell, a eukaryotic cell has a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes, simply a eukaryotic prison cell is typically larger than a prokaryotic prison cell, has a truthful nucleus (meaning its Deoxyribonucleic acid is surrounded by a membrane), and has other membrane-bound organelles that let for compartmentalization of functions. The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins. The nucleolus inside the nucleus is the site for ribosome assembly. Ribosomes are constitute in the cytoplasm or are attached to the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane or endoplasmic reticulum. They perform poly peptide synthesis. Mitochondria perform cellular respiration and produce ATP. Peroxisomes break downwardly fat acids, amino acids, and some toxins. Vesicles and vacuoles are storage and transport compartments. In establish cells, vacuoles too assistance break downward macromolecules.
Fauna cells also have a centrosome and lysosomes. The centrosome has two bodies, the centrioles, with an unknown role in cell segmentation. Lysosomes are the digestive organelles of animal cells.
Establish cells have a prison cell wall, chloroplasts, and a fundamental vacuole. The plant jail cell wall, whose chief component is cellulose, protects the cell, provides structural support, and gives shape to the jail cell. Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts. The primal vacuole expands, enlarging the prison cell without the need to produce more cytoplasm.
The endomembrane organization includes the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, too as the plasma membrane. These cellular components piece of work together to alter, package, tag, and ship membrane lipids and proteins.
The cytoskeleton has 3 different types of protein elements. Microfilaments provide rigidity and shape to the cell, and facilitate cellular movements. Intermediate filaments bear tension and anchor the nucleus and other organelles in identify. Microtubules help the jail cell resist pinch, serve every bit tracks for motor proteins that motility vesicles through the cell, and pull replicated chromosomes to opposite ends of a dividing prison cell. They are as well the structural elements of centrioles, flagella, and cilia.
Animal cells communicate through their extracellular matrices and are connected to each other by tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions. Plant cells are connected and communicate with each other by plasmodesmata.
cell wall: a rigid cell covering made of cellulose in plants, peptidoglycan in bacteria, non-peptidoglycan compounds in Archaea, and chitin in fungi that protects the prison cell, provides structural back up, and gives shape to the cell
central vacuole: a large constitute cell organelle that acts equally a storage compartment, h2o reservoir, and site of macromolecule deposition
chloroplast: a plant cell organelle that carries out photosynthesis
cilium: (plural: cilia) a short, hair-like structure that extends from the plasma membrane in large numbers and is used to movement an unabridged jail cell or move substances along the outer surface of the cell
cytoplasm: the unabridged region between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope, consisting of organelles suspended in the gel-like cytosol, the cytoskeleton, and diverse chemicals
cytoskeleton: the network of protein fibers that collectively maintains the shape of the cell, secures some organelles in specific positions, allows cytoplasm and vesicles to motion within the prison cell, and enables unicellular organisms to move
cytosol: the gel-like material of the cytoplasm in which cell structures are suspended
desmosome: a linkage between side by side epithelial cells that forms when cadherins in the plasma membrane attach to intermediate filaments
endomembrane system: the group of organelles and membranes in eukaryotic cells that piece of work together to modify, parcel, and ship lipids and proteins
endoplasmic reticulum (ER): a series of interconnected membranous structures inside eukaryotic cells that collectively alter proteins and synthesize lipids
extracellular matrix: the material, primarily collagen, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans, secreted from animal cells that holds cells together as a tissue, allows cells to communicate with each other, and provides mechanical protection and anchoring for cells in the tissue
flagellum: (plural: flagella) the long, pilus-like structure that extends from the plasma membrane and is used to move the cell
gap junction: a channel betwixt two adjacent animate being cells that allows ions, nutrients, and other low-molecular weight substances to pass between the cells, enabling the cells to communicate
Golgi appliance: a eukaryotic organelle made upwards of a series of stacked membranes that sorts, tags, and packages lipids and proteins for distribution
lysosome: an organelle in an creature prison cell that functions every bit the cell'southward digestive component; information technology breaks downwards proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and even worn-out organelles
mitochondria: (singular: mitochondrion) the cellular organelles responsible for conveying out cellular respiration, resulting in the production of ATP, the jail cell's main energy-conveying molecule
nuclear envelope: the double-membrane construction that constitutes the outermost portion of the nucleus
nucleolus: the darkly staining body within the nucleus that is responsible for assembling ribosomal subunits
nucleus: the cell organelle that houses the jail cell's DNA and directs the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins
peroxisome: a small, round organelle that contains hydrogen peroxide, oxidizes fat acids and amino acids, and detoxifies many poisons
plasma membrane: a phospholipid bilayer with embedded (integral) or fastened (peripheral) proteins that separates the internal contents of the prison cell from its surrounding environment
plasmodesma: (plural: plasmodesmata) a channel that passes between the cell walls of adjacent establish cells, connects their cytoplasm, and allows materials to be transported from cell to cell
ribosome: a cellular structure that carries out protein synthesis
rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER): the region of the endoplasmic reticulum that is studded with ribosomes and engages in protein modification
shine endoplasmic reticulum (SER): the region of the endoplasmic reticulum that has few or no ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface and synthesizes carbohydrates, lipids, and steroid hormones; detoxifies chemicals like pesticides, preservatives, medications, and environmental pollutants, and stores calcium ions
tight junction: a firm seal between ii adjacent fauna cells created by protein adherence
vacuole: a membrane-bound sac, somewhat larger than a vesicle, that functions in cellular storage and transport
vesicle: a small, membrane-jump sac that functions in cellular storage and transport; its membrane is capable of fusing with the plasma membrane and the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi appliance
Media Attribution
- Figure 3.xi: modification of piece of work by NIGMS, NIH
- Figure iii.13: modification of work past NIH; scale-bar information from Matt Russell
- Figure three.14: modification of work by Louisa Howard; scale-bar information from Matt Russell
- Figure three.16: modification of work by Magnus Manske
- Figure 3.17: modification of piece of work by Matthew Britton; scale-bar data from Matt Russell
- Effigy 3.20: modification of piece of work by Mariana Ruiz Villareal
Source: https://opentextbc.ca/biology/chapter/3-3-eukaryotic-cells/
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